Networked automation and robotization

Orange industrial robot arms at a production line in a factory, assembling solar panels.

Source: IM Imagery - stock.adobe.com

Automation refers to the use of information technologies, control systems such as computers and robots to control machines and processes. Its purpose is to reduce manual work and increase efficiency, speed, quality and performance [1]. It forms the basis of Industry 4.0 [2]. The term "Industry 4.0" describes all technologies and measures for the comprehensive digitalization and intelligent networking of industrial production (the "digital transformation"). The synonymous term "Industry X.0" is also often used, to emphasize the speed of technological developments and prevent the term from quickly becoming obsolete [3]. The concept entails close networking of human being, machine and product. It extends to the entire value chain and demands a fundamental restructuring - particularly of production, logistics and transport [3] - and greater efforts to ensure cybersecurity.

The most important resource of Industry 4.0 is data. Big data has the task of developing, analysing and leveraging this resource. Cloud computing is also a technology fundamental to Industry 4.0. It refers to the needs-based use of virtual computer processing and storage capacity, accessed over the Internet or through an internal company network. Cloud computing also includes the sale of application software as a service [4].

The Internet represents a key technology for Industry 4.0 and permits networking across national borders and those of company operations [5]. Likewise, the ongoing development of the Internet of Things (IoT) is a part of Industry 4.0, and at the same a driving force of it [6]. In the IoT, objects of almost any kind are equipped with extensive computing power, controlled by software and networked with the outside world and other IoT objects over the Internet [7]. Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) constitute the technical basis of the IoT. CPSs are sensors and actuators that provide physical measurement data and transmit it to a data infrastructure [4]. The influence of the IoT is not limited to industrial production (the industrial Internet of things, IIoT or smart factory): it also extends to the personal sphere (smart home) and the social environment (smart city) [6].

In the IoT, machines are connected to each other solely via the Internet. By contrast, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication tends to be a closed system, with hard-wired point-to-point links. Communication is achieved by sensors that are connected to a network by cable, WLAN or mobile communications [4]. The exchange of information in M2M communication, for the most part automated, includes remote monitoring, remote control and remote maintenance of machines, plants and systems; limited human involvement is possible [8]. For the future, M2M communication offers the prospect of progressively deep networking of devices and systems, as the development of new mobile communications standards (5G/6G) will make real-time communication faster and more reliable [9].

Intelligent process automation, also termed hyperautomation, combines artificial intelligence (AI, including generative AI), machine learning and robotic process automation (RPA) with the use of software robots (bots) to automate repetitive tasks and transform complex business processes such that they run without human intervention. It encompasses the entire automation process - detection, automation, optimization - and connects people, systems and data [10; 11]. Self-organizing production systems act as software agents for enhanced flexibility and robustness. To achieve this, individual machine components are equipped with sensors that receive information from the workpiece. This enables interchangeable work steps to be optimized and processing to be made more efficient. The system automatically detects outages and redirects the jobs [12; 13].

Robots symbolize automation and are its most important tool. A distinction is drawn between industrial robots and service robots. Highly flexible production of products with a high degree of customization - a requirement of Industry 4.0 - is based on the use of industrial robots [14]. Germany set a new record for industrial robots in 2023, and is now the leader in the European robotics market [15]. These robots are programmable machines whose flexible movements enable them to perform a range of tasks in a wide variety of environments [16]. Industrial robots must be enclosed by guards that prevent persons from entering the danger zone. Collaborative robots (cobots) are able to react intelligently to their environment and thus play a key role in Industry 4.0. Despite this, their use gives rise to risks and requires high safety standards. They represent the link between purely manual jobs and full automation and support employees directly in a largely unfenced industrial environment, particularly by performing activities that are not ergonomic [17].

Non-industrial robot applications, such as service and assistance robots, present a particular technical challenge, as they operate in a constantly changing environment, and usually interact directly with human beings. Unlike in industrial applications, older people and children may also be involved in this case, giving rise to new and wider challenges. Service and assistance robots include household robots, cleaning robots in public spaces, service robots in the retail trade, hotels and restaurants, care robots, and robots for social interaction, entertainment and education. Robots in these areas have reached different stages of development; some are already sufficiently advanced to be used in everyday life [18].

The construction sector is one area in which the first multifunctional robots are now being used for a range of tasks. Construction robots can navigate their environment independently and to perform their tasks - under the control of relevant software - autonomously or by remote control. Programmed, precision processes and 3D printing enable the use of materials to be optimized, thereby making construction sites more sustainable. 3D printing robots are able to produce components of almost any size on site, up to and including entire buildings, space permitting. The components are built up in layers by the use of chemical and/or physical processes [19; 20].

Large-scale robotics includes agricultural robots and other heavy plant (for clearance, decontamination in environments hostile to human beings, waste disposal, etc.), as well as autonomous construction machinery. These robots can negotiate large-scale and unstructured environments and perform complex reconnaissance and manipulation tasks independently by using AI to evaluate sensor data and act upon it [21].

In addition to robots, remote-controlled or autonomous drones are also playing an increasingly important role. These are used on construction sites, for inspection tasks (e.g. on roofs), in the power generation and distribution sector, for monitoring air quality, and for rescue at workplaces at height [22]. Drones are now available that not only collect data visually, but also carry out work (such as cleaning or construction activities) [23]. Drones or land robots can be combined to form an intelligent swarm for monitoring larger areas for military purposes, or wind farms. A further use is for swift detection of sources of radioactivity that may have been placed during a terrorist attack, for example [24].

Active exoskeletons, i.e. those driven by an electric motor or pneumatically, are a special type of robot that acts as a supportive aid for lifting and carrying. These assistance systems, worn on the body, exert an external mechanical effect upon it [25]. Connection of exoskeletons to the Internet of Things (IoT) enables load values and activities to be evaluated [20].


  • What is accelerating the trend, and what is slowing it down?

    Digitalization creates the information and communications infrastructure for automation and robotization. Digitalization, automation and robotics are mutually dependent and conducive, and are driven in part by the tremendous growth in data volumes and the use of big data analytics. Conversely, large data volumes and big data analytics require a high degree of networking and automation in order to be used beneficially [26].

    The specific developments driving the automation of production systems include exponential growth in the storage and analysis capabilities of information and communication technologies (CPS), new potential offered by sensor technology and 3D printing, the further development of AI and the self-organization of products and processes, and increased networking in the Internet of Everything (IoE) [27]. The IoE expands the boundaries of the IoT by integrating people, processes and data into communication [28].

    Advances in the field of AI and machine learning are expanding the possibilities presented by industrial robots and making them more mobile, intelligent and autonomous. With improved analysis capabilities and image processing, robots are, for example, better able to map and navigate unstructured, dynamic environments. Mobile robots, cobots and other robot-assisted solutions are expected to assume more specific tasks (e.g. quality assurance, item picking, intralogistics) in the future in factories, warehouses and laboratories, thereby leading to considerable efficiency gains in healthcare, the life sciences, the retail trade and the construction industry [29; 30].

    Industry appears willing to implement technical innovations: a survey of 500 tech decision-makers in the manufacturing industry (2024) shows that 62% of respondents anticipate fully automated production in five years’ time; 72% consider automation to be essential to assure competitiveness. The companies surveyed also intend to invest more in automation technologies in the future: AI and machine learning (50%), predictive maintenance (50%), process automation by means of software or bots (49%), cobots (45%) and robots (41%) [31]. A study conducted by the management consultancy BearingPoint (2024) backs up these findings and views robotics and automation as the primary technological foci in the context of Industry 4.0. Over 80% of the industrial companies surveyed stated that they intend to make new investments or expand existing investments in the area of Industry 4.0 in the coming years [32].

    The exceptionally dynamic market situation also calls for more and more sophisticated automation technology: new products and product variants are emerging in short cycles, customer expectations of innovations are rising, competition is growing and the Internet is creating transparent means for comparison and selection. Manufacturers face the challenge of ensuring a wide range of products coupled with fluctuating production batch sizes. Demographic change, the growing shortage of skilled workers in industry and rising labour costs are also driving automation [33]. By automating manual, repetitive or dangerous tasks, manufacturers are able to protect their employees against injury, and train them for higher-grade tasks, thereby improving employee retention and reducing staff turnover rates [34]. Increased automation can also enable companies to establish new markets, respond more flexibly to market demands and enhance their future viability and competitiveness [31].

    Finally, a growing awareness of environmental protection can be combined with Industry 4.0. For example, 78% of respondents in BearingPoint's study regard Industry 4.0 as paving the way for the attainment of sustainability goals [32]. By monitoring energy consumption and operational processes in real-time, smart factories and the IoT can make production processes more efficient, thereby reducing the resources consumed (materials, energy and water) and the waste produced [35]. A resource-conserving circular economy can be facilitated through the intelligent networking of machines and processes, involving the use of data to consider products over their entire life cycle and thus determine their anticipated form of recycling even at the design stage [5]. By using intelligent networked systems, data monitoring and automation technologies, companies can not only optimize their energy consumption, but also reduce their CO2 emissions [36]. Plans also exist for AI-assisted robots to be used in the dismantling and recycling of end-of-life electronic devices [37].

    There are many arguments in favour of automation, but it also presents numerous challenges: examples cited by companies are the absence of a budget, excessive costs, and difficulty in reaching the right investment decisions. The shortage of skilled workers with the necessary expertise can be an obstacle, despite the prospects of automation leading to a reduction in personnel requirements in the future. The economic situation and political factors (such as tax breaks or bonuses) have a considerable influence on companies’ willingness to invest in expensive automation technology. In addition, the desire of some companies for specific solutions remains unmet. Smaller companies, in particular, often encounter difficulties finding automation tools that meet their requirements whilst at the same time being affordable. In general, smaller companies are more reluctant to automate their production processes. The larger a company, the more likely it is to use automation processes to support production [20].

    Automation on construction sites is progressing only slowly. The use of multifunctional, mobile robots for small and medium-sized construction projects is still uneconomical, as the construction of conventional buildings is characterized by detailed, manual processes that are carried out separately by different trades. In addition, construction sites that are in a constant state of flux, dirty, untidy and exposed to the elements, are not ideal conditions for mobile robots. For these reasons, the networking of robots with each other and with other machines in order to optimize all construction processes is as yet not generally a realistic proposition [31].

  • Who is affected?

    Automation and robotics are acquiring considerable importance in industry. The wide range of applications for robots has resulted in their use in almost all sectors. The sectors at the forefront in the use of industrial robots include the electrical and electronics industry and the automotive industry [38]. Other important sectors are the metal, plastics/rubber and food industries [39]. Robots are also increasingly being used in healthcare, agriculture and the military [40]. Mobile robots, used for example on driverless transport systems, are becoming more versatile and smarter and are increasingly being used in logistics [41]. The service sector is also turning increasingly to automation and service robotics, for example in site security, catering, hotels and restaurants, transport and logistics, agriculture and facility cleaning [42].

  • Examples (only in German)
  • What do these developments mean for workers' safety and health?

    Robotics and automation assume many activities that are physically stressful for human beings, especially in hazardous working environments. This prevents accidents, reduces the risk of injury caused by long-term stress, makes jobs more accessible for people with special needs and promotes inclusion [43].

    Systems that automate physical tasks are also believed to have a positive influence on the cognitive load upon employees and on their well-being, for example because they reduce the need to anticipate potential sources of error and safety aspects of processes. The automation of monotonous physical work can increase the variety of tasks and prevent boreout [43], but can also lead to physical inactivity [27].

    The rise in automation and the networking of industrial processes place high demands on machine and system safety. One outcome of Industry 4.0 is the emergence of increasingly complex machine control systems with a higher likelihood of failures with considerable potential for accidents and physical risks. The reference standards for assessing the safety of complex machine control systems are EN ISO 13849-1 [44] and the IEC 61508 series of standards. Requirements for AI-assisted safety systems are currently being defined as part of a new international standardization project for ISO/IEC TS 22440 [45]. Despite the available resources supporting application of the rules and regulations, their complexity and the wealth of information can lead to an intensification of work and excessive demands on developers and users.

    The control of automated or robotic systems requires human-machine interfaces that satisfy high functional safety requirements, are fit for purpose and permit ergonomic human-system interaction, particularly where interaction is between several people and several machines. To prevent errors and fatigue, the degree of automation should be geared to the tasks and requirements. A high degree of automation may result in a person no longer possessing the practical experience required for them to react quickly and appropriately in the event of faults [27].

    If, in addition, specialist knowledge and experience are transferred on a large scale to information systems and decoupled from the persons carrying out the work, this may lead to unacceptable simplification of activities and even to deskilling. Other psychosocial risks are also conceivable, including a lack of social interaction, depersonalization, distrust of the technology, fears of surveillance and high performance pressure [46].

    Wireless remote control and monitoring of networked machines, devices and systems is also becoming increasingly important in Industry 4.0, as is remote monitoring of robots and robotic systems [47]. Remote controls can be used to keep people outside hazardous environments, but the safe and ergonomic design of the systems must be considered at an early stage if new physical and mental stresses are to be prevented from arising [27]. Such stresses may also be caused by the increased risk of cyberattack. Attackers do not need to overcome major hurdles to penetrate the company's internal network: it is sufficient for them to hack the remote control system or the control unit.

    The growth of automation in industrial production and logistics has resulted in a rise in the use of smart glasses, particularly in connection with maintenance and fault clearance. The benefits and drawbacks of these head-mounted digital display devices are still the subject of debate. By creating a virtual image and superimposing it on the employee's real, physical environment, smart glasses can help the wearer to place digital information in the relevant context. This reduces the cognitive distance and therefore also the cognitive-psychological load. The primary drawbacks are the relatively high weight of some smart glasses and the constrained field of vision, and frequently strong glare in the display and an increase in stress (only subjective). Technological developments may however lead to greater acceptance in the future [48].

    Cobots can reduce physical stress in the workplace, particularly during work performed above head height and during monotonous tasks or those placing stress on the back. Technical protective measures continually detect and minimize the risk of collision, but a residual risk of injury remains [49]. For this reason, contact between the robot and a human being must not result in certain biomechanical limits (ISO TS 15066, and in the future ISO 10218-2) being exceeded [17]. Improvements to collaboration between cobot and human being are the subject of ongoing research. It is known, however, that a shorter distance to the robot, higher robot speeds and unpredictable movement paths have an unfavourable effect on the worker's performance and well-being. This can result in human error, accidents and a drop in user acceptance, the latter also impairing willingness to comply with safety regulations [50].

    Digital simulation, which models certain processes and tasks, is used to train AI-assisted robots and cobots without risk to the employees. Any number of virtual robots can be trained in parallel and at a much higher speed in the digital space without safety concerns; however, the virtual learning environment is never fully identical to the real world. The aim is either to design the simulation, i.e. the digital twin, to be as identical as possible to reality, or to cover as many variants of the reality as possible [37].

    A range of intelligent algorithms for localization and mapping and for obstacle detection and movement planning enable robots in large robot systems to move independently even in unknown terrain, and to perform tasks in disaster and crisis areas, on landfills or in the recovery of contaminated materials. This relieves the stress on personnel and can reduce the risks of accident and to their health, particularly during deployments in hazardous or poorly accessible environments [37]. Construction robots relieve workers on building sites of at least some of the monotonous, physically demanding and dangerous work, especially at great height. They also reduce the risk of accident. Robots open up new creative freedom for planners; for example, 3D printers can be used to produce geometries and structures at viable cost that could previously be produced only at great expense, if at all. In conjunction with the use of modern automation systems, in some cases supported by AI, robotics can increase the attractiveness of vocations in construction and counteract the shortage of skilled workers [20].

    Exoskeletons support the human body during certain activities and can, for example, reduce the stress on the back during the lifting of loads, or relieve the shoulder muscles when work is performed above shoulder or head height. However, body regions that are not relieved of stress may in some cases be subjected to more stress as a result. Studies are required for clarification of the actual consequences and long-term effects of exoskeleton use [25]. Under some circumstances, exoskeletons could promote inclusion by compensating for physical impairments and helping to make physically demanding jobs accessible, for example to older employees [51].

    Industry 4.0 is causing employment structures, work requirements and qualifications to change. Machines and robots are increasingly assuming simple, monotonous or highly routine tasks, while other tasks are becoming more complex. How this will affect the number of jobs is currently still a matter of debate. Many expect the demand for workers with average skills to decrease and that for low-skilled and more highly skilled workers to increase (polarization of qualification levels) [27]. Robotics and AI will probably eliminate certain tasks, but not entire jobs [46]. Fears of excessive demands or even job loss are possible. Involving employees at an early stage in efforts to introduce automation and communicating pending changes openly can help to counter reservations concerning the technology [52].

    For them to keep pace with the rapid and unpredictable changes in Industry 4.0, training is growing in importance for companies and employees alike [26]. This presents vocational opportunities, but can also lead to an increased cognitive workload [43]. In complex situations, employees with a particular affinity for technology can support their colleagues and serve as a source of information. Discussion between companies and learning from the experiences of others can also reduce mental stress [52].

  • What observations have been made for occupational safety and health, and what is the outlook?
    • Robot technology is a key technology that is becoming increasingly complex owing to its interaction with other technologies - particularly AI - and the growth of networking. While physical stress is usually reduced as a result, psychosocial risks, in particular, are becoming more relevant.
    • Robot systems are rapidly entering many sectors, not only industrial production. Challenges and risks vary greatly depending on the area of application and intended use. From an occupational safety and health perspective, the resulting requirements must be identified and appropriate measures taken to assure safety and health. This also includes appropriate recommendations for risk assessment in companies, for example for exoskeletons or smart glasses.
    • Industrial security is a key problem that is closely linked to automated and robotized systems. For information on associated perspectives and findings for occupational safety and health, refer to the "Cybercrime" trend description.
    • The rules and regulations in the field of automation and robotics must be adapted constantly to the rapidly changing technologies.
    • The dramatic pace of change occurring under Industry 4.0 requires active shaping of the underlying technological and social conditions determining safety and health. Interdisciplinary cooperation, including with parties outside the German Social Accident Insurance, is essential for the respective issues.
    • To ensure personal safety in accordance with the Machinery Regulation, the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance (IFA) provides a range of practical tools free of charge. These address the safety of machinery control systems, ergonomic design, prevention of incentives for manipulation and protection against mechanical hazards caused by cobots.
    • Industry 4.0 can make a substantial contribution to efforts to achieve greater sustainability. Through ideas and projects of its own linking this aspect to safety and health, the German Social Accident Insurance can present itself as a modern and practical institution.
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    [34] Fünf Trends prägen die industrielle Automatisierung 2024. Hrsg.: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Wiesbaden 2024
    https://www.springerprofessional.de/automatisierung/robotik/diese-fuenf-industrielle-automatisierungstrends-praegen-2024/26732576 (abgerufen am 10.10.2024)

    [35] Megatrend Ressourcenknappheit: Gründe, Folgen und Lösungen. Hrsg.: KUKA Aktiengesellschaft, Augsburg 2024
    https://www.kuka.com/de-de/future-production/megatrends/ressourcenknappheit (abgerufen am 4.10.2024)

    [36] Energieeffizienz in der Industrie 4.0: Wie digitale Transformation die Nachhaltigkeit fördert. Hrsg.: VSRW-Verlag Dr. Hagen Prühs GmbH, Bonn 2024
    https://www.gmbhchef.de/energieeffizienz-in-der-industrie-4-0-wie-digitale-transformation-die-nachhaltigkeit-foerdert/ (abgerufen am 9.10.2024)

    [37] Jetzt mit Köpfchen! Hrsg.: Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., München 2024
    https://www.fraunhofer.de/s/ePaper/Magazin/2024/03/index.html#0

    [38] Automatisierung - Industrieroboter im Einsatz: Diese Branchen dominieren. Hrsg.: verlag moderne industrie GmbH, Landsberg 2023
    https://www.produktion.de/wirtschaft/industrieroboter-im-einsatz-diese-branchen-dominieren-753.html#:~:text=Spitzenreiter%20ist%20nach%20den%20j%C3%BCngsten,wurden%20hier%20119.000%20Einheiten%20installiert.(abgerufen am 10.10.2024)

    [39] Absatz von Industrierobotern weltweit nach Branchen in den Jahren 2022 und 2023. Hrsg.: Statista GmbH, Hamburg 2024
    https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/188246/umfrage/installationen-von-industrierobotern-durch-robotik-seit-1998/ (abgerufen am 10.10.2024)

    [40] Welche Branchen und Unternehmen nutzen Roboter? Hrsg.: ©EVS TECH CO., LTD, Wenling City, Taizhou City, Zhejiang 2024
    https://www.evsint.com/de/industries-that-use-robots/ (abgerufen am 10.10.2024)

    [41] Mobile Roboter erobern die Lagerhäuser. Hrsg.: VDI Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf 2024
    https://www.vdi-nachrichten.com/test/mobile-roboter-erobern-die-lagerhaeuser/ (abgerufen am 10.10.2024)

    [42] Die 7 wichtigsten Fakten zur Automatisierung. Hrsg.: verlag moderne industrie GmbH, Landberg 2024
    https://www.automation-next.com/future-tech/die-7-wichtigsten-fakten-zur-automatisierung-49-193.html (abgerufen am 10.10.2024)

    [43] Advanced robotics and AI-based systems in the workplace: OSH challenges and opportunities originating from actual implementations. Hrsg.: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA), Bilbao 2023
    https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/advanced-robotics-and-ai-based-systems-workplace-osh-challenges-and-opportunities-originating-actual-implementations (abgerufen am 15.10.2024)

    [44] Sicherheit von Maschinensteuerungen nach DIN EN ISO 13849. Hrsg.: Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung e.V. (DGUV), Berlin 2024
    https://www.dguv.de/ifa/fachinfos/arbeiten-4-0/industrie-4-0/sichere-automatisierung/index.jsp (abgerufen am 11.10.2024)

    [45] IEC and ISO launch working group to advance functional safety of AI systems. Hrsg.: International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), Genf 2023
    https://www.iec.ch/blog/iec-and-iso-launch-working-group-advance-functional-safety-ai-systems(abgerufen am 21.10.2024)

    [46] Advanced robotics and AI-based systems for the automation of tasks. Hrsg.: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA), Bilbao 2024
    https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/advanced-robotics-and-ai-based-systems-automation-tasks (abgerufen am 18.10.2024)

    [47] Remote Monitoring von ABB ermöglicht Zustandsüberwachung und Diagnose von Robotersystemen. Hrsg.: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz, Berlin 2024
    https://www.plattform-i40.de/IP/Redaktion/DE/Anwendungsbeispiele/174-fernueberwachung-roboter/beitrag-fernueberwachung-roboter.html (abgerufen am 11.10.2024)

    [48] Datenbrillen: Vor- und Nachteile gegenüber anderen Digitalgeräten. Hrsg.: Haufe-Lexware GmbH & Co. KG, Freiburg 2024
    https://www.haufe.de/arbeitsschutz/sicherheit/datenbrillen-vor-und-nachteile_96_630062.html (abgerufen am 21.10.2024)

    [49] Kollaborierende Roboter (COBOTS). Hrsg.: Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung e.V. (DGUV), Berlin 2024
    https://www.dguv.de/ifa/fachinfos/arbeiten-4-0/neue-technologien-stoffe/kollaborierende-roboter/index.jsp (abgerufen am 23.9.2024)

    [50] Systemergonomische Gestaltung. Hrsg.: Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung e.V. (DGUV), Berlin 2024
    https://www.dguv.de/ifa/fachinfos/kollaborierende-roboter/systemergonomische-gestaltung/index.jsp (abgerufen am 23.9.2024)

    [51] Risiken und Chancen von Exoskeletten. Hrsg.: Dr. Curt Haefner-Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg 2024
    https://www.sifa-sibe.de/gesundheitsschutz/ergonomie/risiken-und-chancen-von-exoskeletten-wichtige-kriterien/ (abgerufen am 17.10.2024)

    [52] Robotik und KI - Chancen und Risiken für Sicherheit und Gesundheit Hrsg.: Bundesarbeitskammer und Österreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund, Wien 2024
    https://www.gesundearbeit.at/cs/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheadername1=content-type&blobheadername2=content-disposition&blobheadervalue1=application%2Fpdf&blobheadervalue2=inline%3B+filename%3D%22Magazin_Gesunde_Arbeit_Stamm-Ausgabe_2%252F2024.pdf%22&blobkey=id&blobnocache=false&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1342783356154&ssbinary=true&site=V02 (PDF, 6755 KB, nicht barrierefrei)(abgerufen am 14.10.2024)

Contact

Dipl.-Psych. Angelika Hauke

Work Systems of the Future

Tel: +49 30 13001-3633


Dipl.-Übers. Ina Neitzner

Work Systems of the Future

Tel: +49 30 13001-3630
Fax: +49 30 13001-38001